Hanford Nuclear Bomb SiteTriumph and Disaster

Several years ago, a popular country song spoke of â€Å"making the best out of a bad situation,† which is pretty much what people near the Hanford nuclear bomb factory  have been doing since World War II. In 1943, about 1,200 people lived along the Columbia River in the southeastern Washington state farming towns of Richland, White Bluffs, and Hanford. Today, this Tri-Cities area is home to over 120,000 people, most of whom would probably live, work, and spend money somewhere else were it not for what the federal government allowed to accumulated at the 560 square mile Hanford Site from 1943 to 1991, including: 56 million gallons of highly radioactive nuclear waste stored in 177 underground tanks, of which at least 68 leak;2,300 tons of spent nuclear fuel sitting in -- but sometimes leaking from -- two surface pools only a few hundred feet from the Columbia River;120 square miles of contaminated ground water; and25 tons of deadly plutonium that must be disposed of and kept under constant armed guard. And all of that remains at the Hanford Site today, despite the efforts of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) to undertake the most intensive environmental cleanup project in history. Brief Hanford  History Around Christmas of 1942, far from sleepy Hanford, World War II was grinding on. Enrico Fermi and his team completed the world’s first nuclear chain reaction, and the decision was made to build the atomic bomb as a weapon to end the war with Japan. The top-secret effort took the name, â€Å"Manhattan Project.† In January of 1943, the Manhattan Project got under way at Hanford, Oak Ridge in Tennessee, and Los Alamos, New Mexico. Hanford was chosen as the site where they would make plutonium, a deadly byproduct of the nuclear reaction process and main ingredient of the atomic bomb. Just 13 months later, Hanford’s first reactor went online.  And the end of World War II would soon follow. But, that was far from the end for the Hanford Site, thanks to the Cold War. Hanford Fights the Cold War The years following the end of World War II saw a deterioration of relations between the U.S. and the Soviet Union. In 1949, the Soviets tested their first atomic bomb and the nuclear arms race -- the Cold War -- began. Instead of decommissioning the existing one, eight new reactors were built at Hanford. From 1956 to 1963, Hanford’s production of plutonium reached its peak. Things got scary. Russian leader Nikita Khrushchev, in a 1959 visit, told the American people, â€Å"your grandchildren will live under communism.† When Russian missiles appeared in Cuba in 1962, and the world came within minutes of nuclear war, America redoubled its efforts toward nuclear deterrence. From 1960 to 1964, our nuclear arsenal tripled, and Hanford’s reactors hummed day and night. Finally, in late 1964, President Lyndon Johnson decided that our need for plutonium had decreased and ordered all but one Hanford reactor shutdown. From 1964 - 1971 eight of nine reactors were slowly shut down and prepared for decontamination and decommissioning. The remaining reactor was converted to produce electricity, as well as plutonium. In 1972, the DOE added atomic energy technology research and development to the Hanford Site’s mission. Hanford Since the Cold War In 1990, Michail Gorbachev, Soviet President, pushed for improved relations between the superpowers and greatly reduced Russian arms development. The peaceful fall of the Berlin Wall followed shortly, and on September 27, 1991, the U.S. Congress officially declared the end of the Cold War. No more defense-related plutonium would ever be produced at Hanford. The Cleanup Begins During its defense production years, the Hanford Site was under strict military security and never subject to outside oversight. Due to improper disposal methods, like dumping 440 billion gallons of radioactive liquid directly onto the ground, Hanford’s 650 square miles is still considered one of the most toxic places on earth. The U.S. Department of Energy took over operations at Hanford from the defunct Atomic Energy Commission in 1977 with three main goals a part of its Strategic Plan: Clean it up! The Environmental Mission: DOE recognizes that Hanford won’t be â€Å"like it was before† for centuries, if ever. But, they have established interim and long-term goals to the satisfaction of the impacted parties;Never again! The Science Technology Mission: DOE, along with private contractors are developing technology in a wide range of clean-energy related areas. Many of the preventative and remedial environmental methods used today came from Hanford; andSupport the people! The Tri-Party Agreement: From the beginning of Hanford’s recovery era, DOE has worked to build and diversify the area’s economy, while encouraging intense involvement with and input from private citizens and the Indian Nations. So, How’s It Going Now in Hanford? Hanford’s cleanup phase will probably continue until at least 2030  when many of DOE’s long-term environmental goals will have been met. Until then, the cleanup goes carefully on, one day at a time. Research and development of new energy-related and environmental technologies now share  an almost equal level of activity. Over the years, the U.S. Congress has appropriated (spent) more than $13.1 million for grants and direct aid to the Hanford area communities to fund projects designed to build the local economy, diversify the workforce, and prepare for coming reductions in federal involvement in the area. Since 1942, the U.S. Government has been present in Hanford. As late as 1994, over 19,000 residents were federal employees  or 23 percent of the area’s total workforce. And, in a very real sense, a terrible environmental disaster became the driving force behind the growth, perhaps even the survival, of the Hanford area.   As of 2007, the Hanford site continued to retain 60% of all high-level radioactive waste managed by the U.S. Department of Energy and as much as 9% of all nuclear waste in the United States. Despite mitigation efforts, Hanford remains the most contaminated nuclear site in the United States and the focus of the nations largest ongoing environmental cleanup effort. In 2011, the DOE reported that it had successfully â€Å"interim stabilized† (eliminated the immediate threat) Hanford’s remaining 149 single-shell nuclear waste retention tanks by pumping nearly all of the liquid waste in them into 28 newer, more secure double-shell tanks. However, DOE later found water intruding into at least 14 single-shell tanks and that one of them had been leaking about 640 US gallons per year into the ground since about 2010. In 2012, the DOE announced that it had found a leak coming from one of the double-shell tanks caused by construction flaws and corrosion, and that 12 other double-shell tanks had similar construction flaws that might allow similar leakage. As a result, the DOE started monitoring the single-shell tanks monthly and double-shell tanks every three years, while also implementing improved monitoring methods. In March 2014, the DOE announced delays in the construction of the Waste Treatment Plant, which further delayed the removal of waste from all of the retention tanks. Since then, discoveries of undocumented contamination have slowed the pace and raised the cost of the cleanup project.

Analysis Of Roald Dahl s Dahl - 1472 Words

I use to love reading Roald Dahl when I was a younger, I was surprised to find out that Roald Dahl even wrote short stories for adults. Skin was one of those books for the more mature readers. I would recommend this book for its writing style. â€Å"The model!† cried Drioli. â€Å"Come on, Josie!† He was in a bustle of enthusiasm - now arranging everything, like a child preparing for some exciting game. â€Å"Where will you have her? Where shall she stand? The way Roald Dahl writes allows you to feel the same enthusiasm that Drioli experiences. Drioli is making the foolish mistake of getting a tattoo while he is drunk. Roald Dahl has a way of making a simple scenario feel like much more. I enjoyed witnessing Drioli, who was ironically making the worse†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"The gallery owner was pushing through the crowd towards Drioli. â€Å"Monsieur,† he said, â€Å"I will buy it. I said I will buy it. Monsieur.† â€Å"How can you buy it? † Drioli asked softly. â€Å"I will give two hundred thousand francs for it.† â€Å"Don’t do it!† someone 135 murmured in the crowd. â€Å"It is worth twenty times as much.† I found it funny reading the debate and the hassle all the rich people were going through for Drioli’s priceless tattoo. Hence, I have come to conclude that money in today’s world has changed our behaviours and values; from the times when we valued helping and sharing with people who are more needy than us. Those who have been winning in this world been playing a sly, dishonest game; taking advantage of people like Drioli. Notwithstandingly, I believe that these people are not the only one’s to be blamed as Drioli tries selling himself for money; he too wanted a part in this never ending rats race. At first, I believed WW2 to be a devastating disaster that caused a number of humans to lose their lives, due to weaponry allowing man to kill each other. Conversely, my opinion changed after reading this short story. I realised that the loss of life was not the only problem, so was the destruction of everything else including; properties, businesses, and jobs. The war was horrible, I believe that the aftermath had an affect on everyone’s jobs, livelihood, and the living conditions degraded. Drioli was one such ordinary man,Show MoreRelatedAn Analysis Of Roald Dahl s The Slaughter 1249 Words   |  5 PagesSentence: †¢ Women are seen as lacking in many aspects by society whose views on women are rigid, stereotypical, and belittled- thus, women are seen as lesser than or inferior to men Thesis: †¢ In the short story Lamb to the Slaughter, the author, Roald Dahl, uses irony and allusions to represent women, illustrating the notion that their capabilities are often underestimated. 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Advancing Physical And Psychological Conditions Of The Work Environments Free Essays

Agenda Item A ;Occupational Safety And Health ; Advancing Physical And Psychological Conditions Of The Work Environments Working in a safe and healthy environment is among the cardinal human rights of all working people in the World. In this respect, occupational safety and wellness issues, protection schemes every bit good as national and international events are of critical importance for employees, endeavors, societies and economic systems. Occupational Safety and Health is straight related to human life. We will write a custom essay sample on Advancing Physical And Psychological Conditions Of The Work Environments or any similar topic only for you Order Now Therefore, it is extremely of import to forestall work-related jeopardies and making safe workplace for the international community. In a on the job topographic point where comprehensive protective and preventative schemes have been developed, figure of work related accident and occupational diseases will diminish. Therefore, purpose should be minimise unintended jeopardies. These workplace jeopardies can be named as followerss ; Physical and mechanical jeopardies, Biological and chemical jeopardies, Psychosocial jeopardies. Especially workers who work on the Fieldss of building, agribusiness, service and Mining and oil A ; gas extraction sector, have much inclinations to meet with these jeopardies International Organizations such as InternatAÂ ±onal Labour Organization, World Health Organizations and United Nations etc. have been working to progress the conditions of work environments by coercing conventions and Acts of the Apostless. Since it’s constitution ILO has attached specific importance to the issue of OHS and regarded it as one of the edifice rocks in accomplishing societal justness. The ILO has so far adopted a series of conventions and recommendations in order to extinguish hazards and jeopardies in working life and in this context, to protect both workers and endeavors. The most relevant ILO Conventions sing OHS are No.155 on OSH, No.161 on Occupational Health Services, No 81 on Labour Inspection and No.187 on the Promotional Framework for Occupational Safety and Health. The ILO Constitution sets rules that workers should be protected from illness, disease and hurt originating from their employment. Yet for 1000000s of workers, the world is really different . Some two million people die every twelvemonth from work-related accidents and diseases. An estimated 160 million people suffer from work-related diseases, and there are an estimated 270 million fatal and non-fatal work-related accidents per twelvemonth. Harmonizing to latest ILO information every twelvemonth 337 million people fall victim to work accidents. El Salvador’s economic system was preponderantly agricultural until industry quickly expanded in the sixtiess and ’70s. Despite its traditional concentration on agribusiness, after that epoch province industrialized rapidly and although it’s the smallest state in Central America geographically, El Salvador had the 3rd largest economic system in the part. This sudden alteration caught province unbalanced about workers’ protection so that Occupational Health and Safety measurings hadn’t been taken so far decently. Because of the fact that a big portion of the population was engaged in risky activities such as agribusiness, deceases and hurts took a peculiarly heavy toll. With Mauricio Funesgovernment, El Salvador made some legislative agreements in order to run into the demands of labor market. Being and continuity of the balance in working life and good existences of workers at work depend on back uping nice work and increasing registered employment. The Ministry of Labour and Social Prevision in cooperation with related ministries and representatives of work force played the cardinal function in bettering occupational wellness and safety in the state. To find the prevalence and nature of occupational hurts among workers in Latin America, every bit good as to place factors that predict these work-related hurts, El Salvador participated in a joint plan with other Latin America provinces. With this construct, II Hemispheric Workshop on Occupational Health and Safety was initiated by the Ministry of Labor and Social Prevision of El Salvador. It was co-organized by the Department of Social Development and Employment of the Organization of American States ( OAS ) , the Pan-American Health Organization ( PAHO ) , the International Labor Organization ( ILO ) and FUNDACERSSO, and it was funded by the Labor Program of Human Resources and Skills Development Canada. Yet, kids workers are still the chief job on the field of OHS. Between 5,000 and 30,000 Salvadoran kids, some every bit immature as 8 old ages old, are working in El Salvador ‘s sugar cane plantations where hurts, peculiarly terrible cuts and cuts, are common, harmonizing to theHuman Rights Watch ( HRW ) study even tough Salvadoran jurisprudence indicated that 18 is the minimal age for unsafe work. For a long clip guaranting widespread consciousness on OSH has been the chief aim for El Salvador. El Salvadoran authorities puts a great attempts to diminish work-related hurts and causalities. Programs, to accomplish this thought, have been developed really late and some of them are still ongoing. Harmonizing to us, progressing multidimensional conditions of workplaces would be accelerated by manner of back uping attempts on these issues at national and international platforms by sharing patterns via international plans and events. Agenda Item B ;Elimination of Discrimination in Workplaces Discrimination is a negative judgement toward a individual ‘s gender, age, faith, race, nationality, sexual penchant or tallness and is a immense job that can be found worldwide inside and outside of the workplace. On history of the fact that a big figure of authoritiess base on ballss Torahs that make favoritism illegal, employers must follow these Torahs when engaging employees and employees must move in these law’s model. But even with regulations in topographic point, many people still fall victim to favoritism at workplaces. There have been legion legislative motions to censor discrimination’s every form. One of the most of import act was Civil Rights of Act 1964 which outlawed and prohibited favoritism by covered employers on the footing of race, colour, faith, sex or national. International organisations such as International Labour Organization and United Nations have been puting their dockets by sing favoritism, particularly favoritism in workplaces. While everyone is a possible victim ; adult females, LGBT’s, cultural minorities, migrators, individuals with disablements constitute bulk of favoritism victims in workplaces. As a protagonist of this statement, Human Development Report in 2011 revealed that 52 per centum of non-Hispanic Whites expressed anti Hispanic attitudes towards their colleagues in U.S. Deriving independency from Spain in 1821, El Salvador’s more recent history has been marked by a acrimonious civil war in the 1980s which left more than 75,000 people dead and 500,000 displaced. The state was so hit by a series of natural catastrophes in the 1990s and 2000s, which left more than a million people stateless. These happenings made the province impotent and unstabilized. Therefore, Salvadoran governments have non adopted the findings and recommendations made by UN and ILO organic structures in the field of favoritism in workplaces between those old ages decently. But after 2000 to show, El Salvador has shown an unbelievable betterment to censor all signifiers of favoritism, particularly during presidential term of Carlos Mauricio Funes Cartagena. As a first measure on this country on August 19, 1981, El Salvador ratified the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women ( CEDAW ) , which defines favoritism and establishes an docket for national action to stop such favoritism. In 1996, prior to the Committee ‘s reappraisal of El Salvador ‘s conformity with CEDAW, the authorities of El Salvador established the Institute for Development of Women. The Institute seeks to guarantee that action programs created by the authorities to protect adult females are implemented efficaciously. Yet these amendments were non plenty. Althoughwomen in El Salvador enjoy equal protection under the jurisprudence, they were frequently at a disadvantage relation to their male opposite number harmonizing to Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women in 2001.Also as indicated in Human Development Report the female labour force engagement rate in El Salvador was 45.9 per centum, co mpared to the male rate of 76.7 per centum. Lesbian, homosexual, bisexual, and transgender ( LGBT ) individuals inEl Salvadorhad been confronting legal challenges in workplaces. No national jurisprudence does be to forbid favoritism on the footing of sexual orientation, although the jurisprudence prohibited favoritism on the footing of HIV/AIDS position, in pattern, favoritism was widespread. All in all, there was favoritism against adult females, individuals with disablements, sapphic, homosexual, bisexual, and transgender individuals, and autochthonal people at workplace and there weren’t equal commissariats or codifications to extinguish favoritism. When calendars showed 2001, El Salvadoran President and his authorities started to take stairss to anticipate any legal or constitutional challenges to decide the jobs highlighted in a UN general assembly study on favoritism at workplaces. Besides ensured those rights would beef up the fundamental law of El Salvador. The Secretariat for Social Inclusion, created in June 2009 by President Funes, who named the first lady Vanda Pignato as secretary, made attempts to get the better of traditional prejudice in all these countries. The fundamental law provided for the right of workers. In 2009 the authorities amended the fundamental law to allow legal position to public worker brotherhoods. The jurisprudence established sentences of one to three old ages in prison to individual who discriminate in the workplace. There were no authorities plans dedicated to battling favoritism but now The Vida Digna ( Life with Dignity ) plan has been adopted to El Salvador to contend against favoritism bas ed on HIV. Besides on the footing of sexual orientation, in pattern favoritism was widespread, particularly against transgender individuals. In January the new disposal approved the legal enrollment application filed in August 2009 by the homosexual rights NGO Entre Amigos. This is the first NGO focused on sexual minorities registered by the authorities whose primary declared work was other than the bar of HIV/AIDS. Although it’s considerable headroom, El Salvador will non be satisfied with this agreements and for certain, countenances and ordinances will better bit by bit to make international standards. As clearly seen favoritism in workplaces is widespread in many states. In our sentiment, such systematic homo rights misdemeanors can merely be deterred by the humanly will of authoritiess, employers and employees in taking resolute action against people who discriminate at all degrees. How to cite Advancing Physical And Psychological Conditions Of The Work Environments, Essay examples

King Leopolds Ghost free essay sample

Between 1880 and 1920, the population of the Congo was slashed in half: some ten million people were victims of murder, starvation, exhaustion, exposure, disease, and a plummeting birth rate. Why do you think this massive carnage has remained virtually unknown in the United States and Europe? During all this death there was only a few who would go down into the Congo because of all its dangers. So with hardly anyone already going down there and those who did brave the dangers would usually come back insane from a disease of some sort, there was just not enough evidence to prove how bad it was really getting even with those who made it out fine. There was also no communication possible only by mail and considering the dangers no persons would risk their life to take a letter to and from the jungle. So how can you, with not enough brave people to go down there, get the information out to the world. We will write a custom essay sample on King Leopolds Ghost or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page But even those who got it out and tried to spread the word would be persecuted for saying such things because nobody wanted to help them because that would put their life in danger. No one in their right mind would even venture down to that part of Africa. So with no phones, pagers, computers, or mail to get the word out and sickness and animals killing most that went down there. Even those who go looking for these camps cannot usually find them because there in rural eras of the jungle which, for some, are impossible to attain. There was just no possible way to get word out to the rest of the world to get help. Now even with all the technology to find and go to them we still don’t hear much of them. We have all the vaccines to fight off all the disease and help the dying people in Africa. So even though we have all that still not much people want to help because they are caught up in the world they are living in and nothing else matters until they get what they need and want. The human race is selfish and only looks out for themselves. Question 6 The European conquest and plunder of the Congo and the rest of Africa was brutal, but so was the European settlement of North America and, long before that, the conquest of most of European by the Romans. Hasn’t history always proceeded in this way? Well yea, history has a way of repeating itself. Nothing only happens one time in history. There is always going to be those crazy Hitler type people out there and those who go power drunk and take over their country and then try to take over the world. And yes, whenever you go exploring a new place it’s going to be difficult. Have you ever heard someone say’ â€Å"I went exploring a new continent and it was easy. † There is so much that goes into exploration. You need tools, maps, guides, protection from animals and natives. Pretty much anything new you do is not going to be easy for you to do. Anything you do needs time, practice, and plans, but most important in needs to be organized. If nothing was organized the world would be in chaos. So yes history has and will be forever keep repeating itself to keep balance and stability to the world. It will always have its ups and always have its downs. It doesn’t matter who or what you do to try and prevent it. God has established the status quo and there is nothing anyone can do about it. Question 13 Hochschild quotes Roger Casements as insisting to Edmond Morel’s â€Å"I do not agree with you that England and America are the two great humanitarian powers †¦ [they are] materialistic first and humanitarian only a century after. † What evidence supports or refuses Casement’s judgment? Would Casement be justified in making the same statement today? Now back in that time we were more of a humanitarian country because first of all we didn’t have all the same technology we did today. Second we were pretty much a new country and we were trying to make a good name for us. Then third we went to war for other which was no cause of our own and all we did was help out less fortunate countrys than us. See now during this time it is a little different. We have all sorts of distractions. We have technology, we have more murder, and we are being more protective of our people. We use to go to war for no cause just to help out but now when we are attacked we don’t want to go to war. So you can say we are and have been a little of both the whole time. Back then we went to war to help people now we are sending missionaries to camps around the world to help people. But in the end let’s hope that we become more