British Sovereignty&Europe essays

English Sovereignty&Europe expositions How has British Sovereignty been undermined by participation of the European Union? The word sway itself implies the authentic area of intensity after all other options have run out over any network. It might be characterized absolutely in lawful terms as the ability to make restricting laws which no other body can break. It might be seen as the self-governing intensity of a network to administer itself, a regional idea identifying with the forces of free country states. A.V. Uncertain characterized British Parliamentary Sovereignty in 1885 as Parliament has the option to make or unmake any law at all, and that no individual or body is perceived by the law of England as reserving the option to supersede or put aside the enactment of Parliament. This has frequently stood apart as the key part of the British Constitution and Hood Philips, a twentieth century established legal counselor considered it the one essential principle of the British Constitution Parliamentary power was successfully invalidated in 1973 when Britain joined the European Union which has infused a totally different legal measurement into the constitution of Britain. This implied the British parliament lost lawful and administrative power both by law and true (both in principle and practice) in regions where European law came first. The loss of sway appears to have expanded since 1973 with the developing extent of European intercession and with the changes of the democratic strategies. One of the key changes was the change from consistent democratic in the Council of Ministers so any one nation could veto any strategy, to Qualified Majority Voting, under the Single European Act 1986. For instance, in 1993 Britain was over administered on the guideline of a 48-hour working week. England held a national choice on proceeding with participation of the then EC in 1975. This was just warning in fact thus in principle Parliaments power was not influenced. Parliament couldn't disregard the outcomes thus Parliaments ... <!

T.S. Eliots The Waste Land and Yulisa Maddy’s No Past No Present No Future :: Eliot Wasteland Maddy Future Present Past Essays

Passing and Dying in T.S. Eliot's The Waste Land and Yulisa Maddy’s No Past No Present No Future I am godlike. In spite of the fact that I understand that I will bite the dust, I don’t trust it. The dread of death persuades me to disregard my mortality and, in rousing me to overlook, permits me to carry on with a tainted, upbeat life. In the event that passing were an overwhelming idea, at that point acknowledging life would appear to be difficultâ€unless obviously I changed my name to Harold. Everybody stands up to the possibility of death at some point or another; various individuals simply manage passing in various manners. Passing or the dread of death can make a more noteworthy energy about existence. I once heard a tale about a priest. This priest was on a stroll through the forested areas one day when a bear or a lion or a sensible copy thereof showed up as though from no place. The monk’s ‘fight, fly, or hit the fence’ mechanics kicked in, and he was off. He was pursued to the essence of a bluff, so he started to climb it. Presently the bluff was a vertical divider, and the priest couldn't climb high. He sticks to the littlest of splits in this divider. At the point when he looked down, there were a greater amount of whatever had pursued him there, however when he thought back up, he saw a strawberry developing on the essence of this bluff. He ate the strawberryâ€it was great. The strawberry was a long way from great, but since death was ten feet beneath him, it tasted better than any feast he had ever had. Demise made a more noteworthy valuation for life in the priest. Life ought to be lived out at each second; passing makes instantaneousness in making every moment count. As T. S. Eliot put it, I will give you dread in a bunch of residue. Eliot’s The Waste Land is the picture of a general public whose culture and foundation is passing on. The post-WWI-period saw Europe rotting. The monstrous pulverization to its urban areas joined with the amazing death toll made frustrate in Europe. Yet, The Waste Land isn't only an image of European culture kicking the bucket; it is Eliot’s critique on his general public, and his endeavor to spare it. Tiresias is the main principle character in The Waste Land. He once in a while has a functioning job in the sonnet, however. He fills in as an onlookerâ€a reporterâ€to and a storyteller of this waste land: Incredible City, Under the earthy colored haze of a winter sunrise, T.S. Eliot's The Waste Land and Yulisa Maddy’s No Past No Present No Future :: Eliot Wasteland Maddy Future Present Past Essays Demise and Dying in T.S. Eliot's The Waste Land and Yulisa Maddy’s No Past No Present No Future I am undying. In spite of the fact that I understand that I will kick the bucket, I don’t trust it. The dread of death inspires me to disregard my mortality and, in persuading me to overlook, permits me to carry on with a tainted, cheerful life. In the event that demise were a transcendent idea, at that point acknowledging life would appear to be difficultâ€unless obviously I changed my name to Harold. Everybody goes up against the possibility of death eventually; various individuals simply manage passing in various manners. Demise or the dread of death can make a more noteworthy valuation forever. I once heard an anecdote about a priest. This priest was on a stroll through the forested areas one day when a bear or a lion or a sensible copy thereof showed up as though from no place. The monk’s ‘fight, fly, or hit the fence’ mechanics kicked in, and he was off. He was pursued to the essence of a precipice, so he started to climb it. Presently the bluff was a vertical divider, and the priest couldn't climb extremely high. He sticks to the littlest of breaks in this divider. At the point when he looked down, there were a greater amount of whatever had pursued him there, however when he thought back up, he saw a strawberry developing on the substance of this bluff. He ate the strawberryâ€it was great. The strawberry was a long way from great, but since death was ten feet underneath him, it tasted better than any dinner he had ever had. Demise made a more prominent energy about existenc e in the priest. Life ought to be lived out at each second; demise makes instantaneousness in making every second count. As T. S. Eliot put it, I will give you dread in a bunch of residue. Eliot’s The Waste Land is the picture of a general public whose culture and foundation is passing on. The post-WWI-time saw Europe rotting. The gigantic demolition to its urban communities joined with the mind blowing death toll made frustrate in Europe. Be that as it may, The Waste Land isn't just an image of European culture biting the dust; it is Eliot’s analysis on his general public, and his endeavor to spare it. Tiresias is the main primary character in The Waste Land. He once in a while has a functioning job in the sonnet, however. He fills in as an onlookerâ€a reporterâ€to and a storyteller of this waste land: Stunning City, Under the earthy colored mist of a winter sunrise,

Understanding Research With Children And Young People

Questions: 1.1 Explain why compelling correspondence is significant in creating constructive associations with kids, youngsters and grown-ups 1.2 Explain the standards of relationship working with youngsters, youngsters and grown-ups 1.3 Explain how unique social, proficient and social settings may influence connections and the manner in which individuals convey 2.1 Explain the aptitudes expected to speak with youngsters and youngsters 2.2 Explain how to adjust correspondence with youngsters and youngsters for: a) the age of the youngster or youngster 2.2 Explain how to adjust correspondence with youngsters and youngsters for: b) the setting of the correspondence 2.2 Explain how to adjust correspondence with youngsters and youngsters for: c) Communication contrasts 2.3 Explain the fundamental contrasts between speaking with grown-ups and speaking with kids and youngsters 2.4 Explain how to adjust correspondence to meet diverse correspondence needs of grown-ups 2.5 Explain how to oversee conflicts with youngsters, youngsters and grown-ups 3.1 Summarize the central matters of enactment and methodology covering secrecy, information insurance and the revelation of data 3.2 Explain the significance of consoling kids, youngsters and grown-ups of the secrecy of shared data and the restrictions of this 3.3 Justify the sorts of circumstance when classification conventions must be penetrated. Answers: 1.1 Explain why compelling correspondence is significant in creating constructive associations with youngsters, youngsters and grown-ups. Powerful correspondence is basic to creating examples of constructive associations with individuals of fluctuated age gatherings. The improvement of correspondence between individuals builds their self-revelation that equally prompts the design of positive inspiration and expectation among the people (Guerrero, et al., 2014, pp. 131-132). This improvement of self-revelation happens bit by bit with steady correspondence as confirm by social entrance hypothesis (Croucher, 2016, p. 54). The advancement of relational connections between people principally relies upon the examples of their direction with one another. This direction stays shallow at the underlying phase of correspondence; in any case, the exploratory period of social infiltration comes into the image as and when people casually share additional data about themselves just as their families. Moreover, stable exchange of data between youthful people and youngsters brings about the improvement of sound connections through open correspondence. Proof based research writing advocates the conflict ascribing to the improvement of psychosocial capability of little youngsters with the advancement of positive connections through compelling correspondence (Walton Goddard, 2012, p. 140). This further prompts the upgrade of their prosperity and social turn of events. The advancement of positive associations with youngsters especially requires the affirmation of their contemplations, discernments, emotions, conflicts and thoughts while regarding their conclusions with a positive methodology. Be that as it may, elevated level of non-verbal and verbal relational abilities required for successfully understanding the point of view of individuals of various age bunches with regards to designing positive associations with them over the network condition. 1.2 Explain the standards of relationship working with kids, youngsters and grown-ups. Standards of relationship building warrant the viable incorporation of youthful people and youngsters in different research exercises while giving them chances to communicate their perspectives and ends on different cultural issues (Clark, et al., 2014, pp. 70-72). The acknowledgment of outward appearances, non-verbal communication and individual motions brings about accomplishing knowledge with respect to the implicit affirmations (of kids and youthful people) that encourage the procedure of the improvement of trust and compassion prompting the foundation of sound psychosocial connections. The assessment of the groups of youngsters and grown-ups helps in proficiently following their social condition and flexibility limit with regards to helping the defenseless people tested with the troublesome familial conditions (DeBell, 2016, p. 124). This people group help brings about the advancement of dynamic associations with the youthful people over the network condition. Treatment of peopl e with deference and poise while assessing their desires helps in successfully captivating them in different learning forms that proportionally brings about the improvement of trust with youths and grown-ups (Edmond Price, 2012, pp. 146-149). This foundation of trust fills in as a structure obstruct in arranging long haul associations with the people. Moreover, the association of cultural occasions and social exercises and drawing in the youths and grown-ups in these happenings propels them towards achieving self-advancement that resultantly prompts the foundation of productive associations with these people. 1.3 Explain how extraordinary social, proficient and social settings may influence connections and the manner in which individuals impart. Proof based research writing advocates the discoveries ascribing to the impact of conduct and social examples among people of different age bunches in the degree of their relational connections (Mikami, et al., 2010). Moreover, the impact of the commitment of youthful grown-ups with the long range informal communication destinations impacts their relational connections with regards to cross-situational coherence. The positive impact of steady remarks by different friend bunches through long range informal communication improves the relationship designs between people over the network condition. The calling of people shows constructive and adverse effects on the correspondence designs and relational connections between the people. The people of different age gatherings while cooperating build up the examples of even and integral correspondence at work environment. This outcomes in the augmentation of help between individuals; be that as it may, the distinctions in singular qualities, conflicts and convictions among people then again end up being the greatest obstructions in setting up solid connections for a more drawn out residency (Dainton Zelley, 2015, p. 70). Moreover, the social impacts on the estimations of people clearly influence their passionate control that equally drives their correspondence procedure prompting variety in relational connections (Mauss Butler, 2010). Research discoveries expound the conflict ascribing to the variety in want of people in looking for proficient help (for achieving individual prerequisites) with regards to their psychosocial and social contrasts (Mojaverian, et al., 2013). This distinction in the conduct perspectives of individuals considered as an immediate capacity of socially actuated examples of relational connections between the people. 2.1 Explain the abilities expected to speak with youngsters and youngsters. Creating viable examples of correspondence with youngsters and youthful people requires the securing of expert disposition and style for setting up sound associations with them over the network condition. The acknowledgment of words articulated by kids helps in understanding their sentiments and contemplations while assessing their discernments during the correspondence procedure (Glasper, et al., 2015, p. 61). The tension and defensive demeanor of youngsters requires a comprehension with regards to creating dynamic associations with them through the procedure of correspondence. The speculation of impressive time with kids exceptionally required for understanding their conditions and assessing the effect of natural impacts on their conduct and improvement. Keeping in touch with damaged kids and use of non-verbal correspondence style helps in setting up a restorative relationship with them over the network condition. The association of different play exercises for youngsters encourage s the expansion in their regard for the correspondence procedure prompting their psychosocial and conduct upgrade. The usage of emblematic, visual and socially significant correspondence diverts aids subjective improvement of youngsters and youthful people (Ross, 2011, p. 47). These compelling correspondence channels use the exercises ascribing to expressions and specialty, composing, verse, pretends, surveys and PC games for viably captivating with the youths for a reliably longer residency. 2.2 Explain how to adjust correspondence with kids and youngsters for: a) The age of the kid or youngster Inception and foundation of successful correspondence designs with kids and adolescents require beating the age obstruction while modifying the line of correspondence for accomplishing the attractive results. Unexpressed reactions of youngsters ascribing to empathy, disturb, outrage, pity, sadness, help and stun require extensive following through verbal and non-verbal correspondence for moderating the sentiment of disregard and pessimism over the network condition (Winter, 2011, p. 47). The act of physical contact and giving consolation to the more youthful people starts the sentiment of security inside them as they keep on speaking with their companions and friends. Moreover, use of funniness and examples of undivided attention during correspondence with the youths of different age bunches helps in building up their trust and certainty that lead to their psychosocial upgrade (Dunhill, et al., 2009). Cooperation with preschool youngsters through the narrating action persuades them c onside

Tidal Power (School of Mechanical, Materials and Manufacturing Essay

Tidal Power (School of Mechanical, Materials and Manufacturing Engineering) - Essay Example There are around 20 destinations over the existence where tidal force can be produced. This vitality is free, however it tends to be made do with some other force age plant as it is accessible just for 10-12 hours out of every days when tides streams. Watchwords: Tide, tidal, turbines, conduits, lock, dikes, tidal wall, tidal ponds, tidal streams, Bulb turbine, Rim Turbine, Tubular turbine, Offshore Turbines, Vertical-Axis turbines and tidal floods. One can without much of a stretch say or foresee that one thing happens each day twice, which is going back and forth of tide in sea (ocean). This can happen in view of gravitational power of the Moon and Sun simultaneously turn of Earth [3]. In light of tide tremendous of measure of water moves and tackling it by certain methods can give a lot of vitality. This vitality gracefully is dependable and abundant (always) and sustainable. The tides will proceed to back and forth movement, and the vitality is ready for whoever gets there first. It gives an unmistakable favorable position over other inexhaustible sources that are not dependable and unsurprising, for example, wind and sun powered vitality. Yet, the primary concern is identified with changing over it into valuable type of intensity (power) and that isn't simple. Just around 20 locales on the planet have been distinguished as conceivable tidal force stations [2]. Turbines: It is situated in water sections which are intended to change over the potential vitality of the distinction in water levels over the torrent into motor vitality as quick moving water and than later changed over into rotational vitality by the cutting edges of the turbines and afterward into power by generators driven by turbines[1]. Various sorts of turbines utilized are Bulb turbine, Rim Turbine, Tubular turbine, Offshore Turbines and Vertical-Axis turbines [3][4]. The force accessible from the turbine at a specific moment is given by: Opening fitted with controlled entryways (Sluices): It is intended to pass enormous streams

Arcadia An Iterated Algorithm - Literature Essay Samples

Nature is the embodiment of science and mathematics. From Valentines grouse to Thomasina’s leaf to human interactions, mathematics transcend the boundaries of mere numbers and symbols to create patterns that function to explain the universe. Yet, paradoxically, the most constant form of nature is its unpredictability. In his play Arcadia, Tom Stoppard examines this enigma: he demonstrates that in the midst of the rigid structure of the patterns and equations, there are inevitable variables that create a chaos that prevents one from completely predicting the future or recreating the past. Through the coexistence of disorder and order in the play, Stoppard incorporates the theory of deterministic chaos in iterated algorithms to depict the limits of human knowledge. The laws of Newtonian Mechanics dictate a rigid and predetermined structure of the universe. Because an atom lacks many variables in its behavior in space and time, Thomasina claims that if one â€Å"stops every atom in its position and direction,† then a â€Å"formula for all the future† can be obtained (5). Hence, in the absence of noise or errors, the universe follows Newton’s laws; there exists a single formula which calculates and outputs the exact state of the atom at any moment in time with complete certainty. The future and the past can be determined. Nevertheless, the facets of daily life, â€Å"the ordinary-sized stuff†, are susceptible to the â€Å"noise† of nature; while attempting to develop a universal formula for the grouse population changes, Valentine struggles because â€Å"real data is messy† (46). The algorithm he yearns to acquire is too straightforward; it seeks to predict the grouse population for a specific moment in time. Nevertheless, the algorithm can be affected by a variety of natural variables, such as the â€Å"interference† of â€Å"foxes† or the â€Å"weather† (45). The foxes can decrease the population by half one year, while a rainy season can double it the next. The grouse population at a moment in time deviates from the expected value of the algorithm, and it cannot be exactly predicted. Although the natural variables may follow the patterns of determinism, each variable follows its own formula; the culmination of these formulas creates uncertainties in the alg orithm that destroy the essence of its structure and patterns, creating an unsolvable nonlinear equation. Hence, Valentine â€Å"can’t keep tabs on everything† and his algorithm must provide only a generalized extrapolation and estimation of the grouse population every year (46). He can never predict the actual value of the grouse population at a specific moment in time. In contrast to Valentine’s search for an algorithm to nature’s grouse population, Thomasina uses her iterated algorithm to produce her apple leaf. As she plots each dot from her equation, she â€Å"never knows where to expect the next dot† (47). Each recursion results in an unpredictable location for the dot. Nevertheless, over time, after thousands of iterations, she would begin to notice an unfolding pattern of the leaf fractal. Despite the fractal patterns, Thomasina will never know where the next dot is going to be; the patterns can only give her a guess, but the truth will always be unknown. Furthermore, due to the unpredictability of the dots, the iterated algorithm can only create patterns that produce the shape of the leaf, but Thomasina can never achieve the full image and representation of the leaf itself. According to Valentine, the patterns only create a â€Å"mathematical object,† one that obeys a strict pattern and law (47). Natural leaves ar e colorful; they have rugged blades; they are crinkled; their vein designs are flawed and unpredictable. They are the products of the uncertainties and probabilities of nature’s â€Å"noise† that Thomasina’s equation lacks. Hence, Thomasina can never predict the nature of her leaf. Furthermore, the structure of Arcadia’s scenes and the continuous repetitions of time create a pattern that is also subjected to nature’s â€Å"noise†. In both time periods, Stoppard effectively uses specific objects, such as the Gus’ apple, Thomasina’s lesson books, the tortoise, and the location of the Croom Estate, to create parallels between the two time periods. The relationships of the characters, such the love affair between the teacher and the Coverly sister, are mirrored between the two time periods. Both Thomasina and her counterpart, Chloe, are intrigued by sex and â€Å"carnal embrace† and both inquire, â€Å"Am I the first person to have thought of this?† (5, 73). These repeated articles, characters, and phrases create similar patterns throughout the play between the two time periods until they unite in Scene 7. Septimus assures Thomasina, â€Å"What we let fall will be picked up by those behind† (38). As the characters seek the acquisition of knowledge, Stoppard juxtaposes the two time periods: each period becomes a different iteration of a single algorithm, distinct only by the initial condition of time and the effect of natural variables. The past becomes the input of the present. Nevertheless, the different variables expand and culminate into the unpredictability of both time periods, reflecting the properties of chaos theory. Despite the evident patterns of the repetition of time, the play only progresses in unpredictability and chaos. For instance, Bernard engages in an affair with Chloe, Thomasina and Septimus kiss; Gus fancies Hannah. The â€Å"noise† of love and sex transcends the boundaries of reason and predictability, and the act of â€Å"people fancying people who aren’t supposed to be part of the plan† expands into greater consequences that increase disorder and unpredictability (78). Moreover, Thomasina’s death is abruptly revealed. This chaos of the human mind creates events that the audience fails to predict, despite the structured patterns of time. They can only guess what happens next, but they find their predictions wrong. Stoppard reveals these unpredictable events to highlight the audience’s own lack of complete knowledge. Although Arcadia is an algorithm within itself, each iteration is different and unpredictable due to the different variables present. In Arcadia, Stoppard implements the iterated algorithms of Valentine’s grouse, Thomasina’s leaf, and the structure of the play itself to underscore the inevitable unpredictability of nature despite the presence of structure and patterns. Unlike chaos theory, the future and the past are not random; they are unpredictable due to the presence of nature’s variables and â€Å"noise.† Although Stoppard highlights the disorder and chaos in the play, these are mere details and narrow aspects of the algorithms. They are â€Å"trivial.† The overall algorithms themselves, in the long run, are inherently patterns that embrace order and harmony. One needs to filter out the â€Å"noise† and disorder to uncover these patterns that explain the universe. Yet the patterns and order are still incomplete, mere guesses of the truth. Hannah Jarvis claims, â€Å"It is the wanting to know that makes us matter† (70). These mysteries cannot simply be solved. Because of the â€Å"noise,† even accurate predictions can only be determined to a certain degree of uncertainty, thus resulting in one’s limitations of knowledge. One can only speculate from the patterns, but the individual variables create unpredictable scenarios that cannot be predetermined. This lack of knowledge drives the human race to pursue knowledge and understanding, but our perceptions will always be incomplete.

Effects of deforestation in Madagascar - Free Essay Example

Abstract Human-transformed land through habitat destruction causes negative long term changes to Earths biodiversity and ecosystems. Deforestation and forest fragmentation are detrimental to all life, including humans. Forest fragments have been shown to have decreased animal residency and increased isolation. Fragmentation also greatly decreases the richness of plant species and nutrient retention. Deforestation and fragmentation is usually driven by economic development, agricultural activity, population pressure, and trade. However, in eastern Madagascar, deforestation is caused by smallholders agricultural tavy system (slash-and-burn agriculture). This system destroys Madagascar for its human populations as well as many wild species, including Lemurs. Deforestation and fragmentation have caused lemur populations to greatly decrease. Local lemur extinctions have occurred, and the remaining populations have become restricted to forest fragments. To improve the livelihood, sustainability, and well-being of households, agricultural practices need to be transformed to permanent systems which do not undermine soil fertility, will produce enough crops for the local population, and is able to coexist with the remaining forest, such as hydroponic greenhouse farming. Keywords: deforestation, fragmentation, lemurs, farming Effects of deforestation and forest fragmentation on lemurs in Madagascar Deforestation and forest fragmentation are detrimental to all life, including humans. All life on Earth depends on healthy forests for food, clean air, healthy water cycles, etc. When a forest is being destroyed for short term gain, it is difficult for some to comprehend the long-term consequences because they are not immediately felt. A synthesis of long-term experiments conducted in a wide variety of ecosystems showed that fragmentation strongly reduced species richness of plants and animals across experiments, often changing the composition of entire communities (Haddad et. al, 2015). Deforestation is driven by economic development, agricultural activity, population pressure, and trade (Leblois, Damette, Wolfersberger, 2017). Previous research failed to identify trade as a major factor in deforestation, however, there is empirical evidence linking increased deforestation to international trade (Leblois et al., 2017). In many countries, the drivers of deforestation are the demand for forest products and large-scale agribusinesses, but in eastern Madagascar, a main driver of deforestation is caused by smallholders agricultural expansion to grow rice using the tavy system (slash-and-burn agriculture) (Urech et al., 2015). The smallholders use slash-and-burn agricultural practices to grow rice, which is vital to the economic livelihood of most of the local households as well as an important cultural practice (Desbureaus Brimont, 2015). However, slash-and-burn agriculture will not only destroy Madagascar for its human populations, but the loss of habitat and fragment ation caused by the tavy system reduces habitat quality, connectivity, and population viability for many wild species, including Lemurs (Quà ©mà ©rà © et al., 2010). Literature Review Human-transformed land through habitat destruction, deforestation, and forest fragmentation causes negative long term changes to Earths biodiversity and ecosystems (Haddad et al., 2015). Forest fragments have been shown to have decreased animal residency, increased isolation, and reduced movement among fragments, which negatively affected recolonization after local extinction occurred. In addition to the effect fragmentation has on animal species, the richness of plant species and nutrient retention is shown to have been greatly reduced. An analysis of the largest and longest experiments, which include disparate biomes and cover five continents over a span of 35 years, revealed strong evidence of temporal lags in extinction, also known as extinction debt, in forest fragments. An immigration lag was also observed along with reduced richness, which means that fragments are slower to have species socialization. In addition, ecosystem function debt, which includes changes to plant and co nsumer biomass as well as delayed changes in nutrient cycling, was observed to be caused by fragmentation (Haddad et al., 2015). In many countries, deforestation occurs due to population density, economic development, agricultural activity, and trade (Leblois et al., 2017). However, in Madagascar, one major driver of deforestation and forest fragmentation is the tavy farming system used by smallholders for subsistence needs (Urech et al., 2015). Smallholders destroy and divide the forest to grow rain-fed hill rice. After a section of forest is destroyed, the soil to grow rice has only enough nutrients for one season, and what is left is used to grow manioc or sweet potato next. Farmers use the strategy of long fallow periods to maintain soil fertility, however, this only lasts for up to 10 years for those closest to the forest, and 5 years for farms farther from the forest. The practice of the tavy system undermines the security net of the smallholders. Despite introducing alternative agricultural practices, strictly defined nature conservation, and community based forest management frameworks, deforestation h as continued. It seems smallholders resist abandoning the tavy system because the exploitable resources of the forest are not beneficial enough. Some of the reason are due to the lack of infrastructure which would allow non-timber forest products to be exploited, missing institutional framework and regulations, and limited market access. In addition, illegal logging prevents the opportunity for ecological sustainability (Urech et al., 2015). Due to the decimation of Madagascars forests, it is considered a biodiversity hotspot (Ganzhorn, Lowry II, Schatz, Sommer, 2001). Hotspots are environments with endemic species and exceptional species richness which has lost greater than 70% of their original primary vegetation. Through deforestation and forest fragmentation, Madagascar has lost many native large animal species, and those that are left are not likely to be able to sustain viable populations past 2020-2040. Empirical data on fragmented forests from 20 40 years ago shows evidence that lemur populations consisting of less than 40 adults did not survive. The remaining costal forest fragments are too small for larger lemurs, and there are very few forest areas left in central Madagascar which would be able to sustain the surviving lemurs (Ganzhorn, 2001). Quà ©mà ©rà © et al. (2010) investigated how forest fragmentation impacted the genetic patterns of the golden-crowned sifaka (Propithecus tattersalli). Genetic diversity is vital for organisms to adapt to environmental changes and for long term viability (Clarke, Gray, Gould, Burrell, 2015). Genetic diversity is rapidly lost in smaller populations, and in isolated or fragmented habitats, this loss is intensified (Clarke et al., 2015). The golden-crowned sifaka is a larger, social species of lemur whose habitat is exclusively in the north-eastern Darania region of Madagascar. It was found that the genetic diversity of the golden-crowned sifaka appeared to be greater than expected being that this species has such a small range and has the most fragmented habitat out of all the lemurs. Despite these surprising findings, there is cause for concern due to the installation of a gold-mining company as well as a national road in the Darania region. There is fear that these developments wi ll further devastate the remaining forest fragments and possibly have a disastrous effect on the golden-crowned sifaka (Quà ©mà ©rà © et al. 2010). In the southern regions of Madagascar, Clarke et al. (2015) studied the genetic variability of the endangered ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta). The ring-tailed lemur occupies diverse habitats and has behavioral and ecological flexibility. However, due to deforestation and fragmentation, their population numbers are low, local extinctions have occurred, and the remaining populations have become restricted to forest fragments. This also restricts genetic diversity and raises the risk of extinction (Clarke et al. 2015). Clarke et al. (2015), like Quà ©mà ©rà © et al. (2010), found no significant loss of genetic diversity. However, Clarke states the importance of considering the possibility that the data could reflect an earlier time period before intense habitat fragmentation. Due to the behavioral and ecological flexibility of the ring-tailed lemur, Clarke believes it is possible that their populations are experiencing a time-lagged response before a dangerously probable loss of genetic variation. Like the golden-crowned sifaka, ring tailed lemurs face the dangers of hunting, the illegal pet trade, and continued forest destruction. Even though the data collected shows healthy genetic diversity among two species of lemurs, lemur populations have been greatly negatively affected by deforestation and forest fragmentation. If forest destruction is allowed to continue, the genetics of the lemurs will soon become as limited as their habitats and the possibility of extinction will become a reality. Deforestation and forest fragmentation is devastating for all species, plant and animals alike, around the world, including humans. Collecting data to see the effects of deforestation and forest fragmentation is an important step to understanding how this practice affects life. However, the usefulness of this information is limited to the exposure it gets. It is important to educate the people in the communities where deforestation and forest fragmentation is occurring. Education has to be done in a respectful manner which is culturally acceptable to those communities. The information should be relayed in a way which will h ighlight the communities emotional connection to the natural habitat, the logic in adapting new, more productive farming techniques, and the real possibility of long term sustainability for both them and the nature in which they live. In addition to addressing the smallholders for their part in deforestation and forest fragmentation in Madagascar, it is also important to work with the government to address the seriousness of the long term devastation this practice is causing. It is important to have viable solutions available to present to both smallholders and the government. This could make it easier for long term, less damaging farming practices to be adapted and established. To improve the livelihood, sustainability, and well-being of households, agricultural practices need to be transformed (Urech et al., 2015). Permanent systems should be used which does not undermine soil fertility, will produce enough crops for the local population, and is able to coexist with the remaining forest (Urech et al., 2015). A possible solution is hydroponic farming. The need for more land could be decreased using hydroponics by growing crops in towers (Khan et al., 2018). Hydroponic farming grows plants without soil and is a more sustainable method of farming (Slavikova et al., 2018). The electricity needed for hydroponic farms could be generated from wind or solar power using a commercial battery to store excess renewable energy. With hydroponics, food can be grown more densely using a fraction of the land that traditional crops use. This would greatly reduce deforestation and fragmentation, and allows for the possibility of the forest to regrow. Hydroponic farms are sca lable and can be built as large or small as needed for the population (Slavikova et al., 2018). One advantage of hydroponic greenhouse is the equal distribution of natural light which allows different crops to grow at the same time. Other advantages of hydroponic farming is the variety of crops which can be grown in a hydroponic greenhouse, such as green leafy vegetable, flower, and rice. Additionally, hydroponic systems have minimal use of pesticides and conserves water. Hydroponic greenhouses are able to produce higher nutritional crops with less growing time using less land and water required by traditional land farming. With hydroponic greenhouse cultivation, rice is harvested four time annually compared to single harvesting in open field agriculture. The initial cost of installing hydroponic greenhouses is high (Slavikova et al., 2018). However, the costs will go down over time, and the long term benefits compared to the tavy system is invaluable.

Life goes on (Metaphor essay ) - 795 Words

Life Goes On Life is like a flower, so beautiful and healthy when it’s well taken care of, but even then it dies and all that’s ever left is ashes. A day like any other, May 25, 2011, I was at my school, John C. Fremont High, in the cafeteria when I received the worst phone call ever. It was the phone call that impacted and traumatized my life. My best friend’s mom had called me and simply said, â€Å"I need you to calm down, and I need you to take this calmly.† As she started to cry, she said, â€Å"Elias has stopped breathing.† And that’s how I knew I had lost my best friend. Leukemia, a type of cancer of bone marrow that prevents normal manufactures of red and white blood cells and platelets, resulting in anemia,†¦show more content†¦There’s nothing we can do about it once we’ve lost a loved one, but to deal with our problems in a healthier and better way. 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